Effectiveness of Orem's Theory-Based Diabetic Foot SPA on Glycemic Control and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 DM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31965/infokes.Vol23.Iss1.1713Keywords:
Diabetic Foot SPA, Glycemic Control, Peripheral Neuropathy, Type 2 DMAbstract
Type 2 DM remains a challenge both globally and nationally, due to the high incidence of diabetic foot ulcers and patients with uncontrolled glycemia. This is due to poor self-care for foot care and glycemic control. Not treating them quickly will increase lifelong disability, depression, quality of life, and risk of death. Diabetic foot spa based on Orem Theory was tested for glycemic management and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 DM patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of diabetic foot spa based on Orem's Theory on glycemic control and reduction of peripheral neuropathy symptoms in patients with type 2 DM in the work area of East Denpasar Health Center I. This study used a pre-post quasi-experimental design with a control group of 64 respondents with a diagnosis of type 2 DM consisting of 32 control groups given foot exercises and 32 intervention groups given diabetic foot spa. Translated with DeepL.com (free version) Glucose meter, neuropathy symptom score (NSS) questionnaire, and 10 mg monofilament were used. This study consisted of univariate and bivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis used Dependent and Independent t-test to see the difference before and after diabetic foot spa intervention. The results showed that the effectiveness of diabetic foot spa in the intervention and control groups using independent t-test obtained a p-value <0.05 which states that diabetic foot spa is effective in controlling glycemia and reducing peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 DM. The conclusion of this study is that diabetic foot spa based on Orem's Theory is effective in controlling glycemic and reducing symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 DM.
Downloads
References
Adevia, A., Dewi, N. R., & Ayubbana, S. (2022). Penerapan Massage Effleurage Menggunakan Vco (Virgin Coconut Oil) Terhadap Pencegahan Dekubitus Pada Pasien Stroke di Ruang Saraf Rsud Jend. Ahmad Yani Metro. Jurnal Cendikia Muda, 2(1), 1-8. Retrieved from: https://jurnal.akperdharmawacana.ac.id/index.php/JWC/article/view/285
Adiputra, R. (2023). Efek Samping Penggunaan Obat Anti Diabetes Jangka Panjang : Sebuah Meta Analisis. Journal Of Health Sciences, 14(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i1.1750
Agustini, N. L. P. I. B., & Dewi, I. G. A. P. (2017). The Effect of Rubber Band Resistance Exercise on Blood Glucose Level of Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Advances in Health Sciences Research, 3, 45–47. https://doi.org/10.2991/inc-17.2017.17
Ainiyah, N., & Wardani, E. M. (2021). Implementation of Diabetic Foot SPA and Sauna Bathing on Quality of Sleep and Blood Glucose Levels in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Health Sciences, 14(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i1.1750
Ainiyah, N., Wardani, E. M., Bistara, D. N., Septianingrum, Y., Fitriasari, A., & Firdaus. (2022). Combination of Diabetic Foot SPA and Sauna Bathing Therapy Decreases The Level Of Blood Glucose. Bali Medical Journal, 11(1), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v11i1.3105
Aliakbari, F., Moosaviean, Z., Masoudi, R., & Kheiri, S. (2021). The Effect of Orem Self-Care Program on Sleep Quality, Daily Activities, and Lower Extremity Edema in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Advanced Biomedical Research, 10(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_54_20
Alligood, M. R. (2018). Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Ninth Edition. Elsevier Inc.
Alqahtani, A. A., Alzidany, A. M., Alenazi, S. M., Dhifallah, T., & Alotaibi, B. J. E. M. (2020). Long term complication of poor glycemic control in diabetic patients. EC Microbiology, 2, 1-7.
Amelia, R., Wahyuni, A. S., & Yunanda, Y. (2019). Diabetic Neuropathy Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients At Amplas Primary Health Care In Medan City. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(20), 3400–3403. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.433
Asgary, R., Beideck, E., Naderi, R., & Schoenthaler, A. (2023). SMS Texting For Uncontrolled Diabetes Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness: Study Protocol for A Randomized Trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 128, 107149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2023.107149
Astuti, A., Merdekawati, D., Octavia, D., & Sari, I. (2023). Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 14(4), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2023.v14i04.006
Bansal, S., Jinwala, P., Asati, V., Banappagoudar, S. B., Elhence, A., Shrivastava, S. P., Patidar, R., Singhai, P., Patel, S., & Chitalkar, P. G. (2023). Assessment Of Knowledge About Palliative Care Among Registered Nursing Professionals: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Central India. Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer Care, 8(4), 709–713. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2023.8.4.709-713
Castelli, G., Desai, K. M., & Cantone, R. E. (2020). Peripheral Neuropathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis. American Family Physician, 102(12), 732–739. Retrieved from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1215/p732.html
Chowdhury, H. A., Harrison, C. L., Siddiquea, B. N., Tissera, S., Afroz, A., Ali, L., Joham, A. E., & Billah, B. (2024). The Effectiveness of Diabetes Selfmanagement Education Intervention on Glycaemic Control and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plos One, 19(2): e0297328. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297328
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. (2020). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. Retrieved from: https://diskes.baliprov.go.id/download/profil-kesehatan-provinsi-bali-2020/
Embuai, S., Tuasikal, H., & Siauta, M. (2019). Effect of Foot Exercise and Care on Peripheral Vascular Status in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Jurnal Ners, 14(3), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v14i3.16943
Fauziyah, F., Novitasari, A., Soelistyowati, E., & Anugrahini, H. N. (2021, October). The Impact of Therapy Foot Exercise And Foot SPA on Foot Sensitivity in Patiens with Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review. International Conference on Nursing and Public Health, 63–69.
Fiqriyah, I. K., & Rosyid, F. N. (2024). Literatur Review: Pengaruh Senam Kaki Diabetes Terhadap Kontrol Gula Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. MAHESA: Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(9), 4054-4064. https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v4i9.15502
Gayatri, R. W., Kistianita, A. N., Virrizqi, V. S., & Sima, A. P. (2019). Diabetes Mellitus Dalam Era 4.0. Malang: Wineka Media.
Graciella, V., & Prabawati, D. (2020). The Effectiveness of Diabetic Foot Exercise to Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms and Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Journal of Atlantis Press, 30, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.201125.008
Hendrawati, H., Ningsih, M. U., & Sentana, A. D. (2022). Pengaruh SPA Kaki Diabetik Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Pada Penderita Diabetes Melittus Tipe 2. Journal of Excellent Nursing Students (JENIUS), 1(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.32807/jenius.v1i1.8
Hicks, C. W., & Selvin, E. (2019). Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 19, 86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8
Jena, D., Sahoo, J., Barman, A., Behera, K. K., Bhattacharjee, S., & Kumar, S. (2022). Type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and neuromusculoskeletal complications. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 13(4), 705–710. https://doi.org/10.25259/jnrp_11_2022
Kemenkes RS Sardjito. (2023). Cegah sebelum Terlambat : Diabetic Foot Ulcer [Internet]. Kemenkes RS Sardjito. Retrieved from: https://sardjito.co.id/2023/09/02/cegah-sebelum-terlambat-diabetic-foot-ulcer/
Khawaja, N., Abu-Shennar, J., Saleh, M., Dahbour, S. S., Khader, Y. S., & Ajlouni, K. M. (2018). The prevalence and risk factors of peripheral neuropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; the case of Jordan. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 10, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-018-0309-6
Lee, J., Yun, J. S., & Ko, S. H. (2022). Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Effect On Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 14(15), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153086
Lwanga, S.K., & Lemeshow, S. (1991). Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Mathisen, J., Jensen, A. K. G., Andersen, I., Andersen, G. S., Hvidtfeldt, U. A., & Rod, N. H. (2020). Education and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Quantifying The Impact Of Differential Exposure and Susceptibility To Being Overweight Or Obese. Diabetologia, 63(9), 1764–1774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05150-3
Megayanti, S.D., & Wulandari, S.K. (2021). Development of Diabetes Self-Care Management Using Audio-Visual Media. Jurnal Kesehatan dr. Soebandi, 9(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.36858/jkds.v9i1.263
Nanayakkara, N., Curtis, A. J., Heritier, S., Gadowski, A. M., Pavkov, M. E., Kenealy, T., ... & Zoungas, S. (2021). Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia, 64, 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05319-w
PERKENI. (2021). Pedoman Pengelolaan Dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa Di Indonesia 2021. PB PERKENI.
Petersen, B. J., Rothenberg, G. M., Lakhani, P. J., Zhou, M., Linders, D. R., Bloom, J. D., Wood, K. A., & Armstrong, D. G. (2020). Ulcer Metastasis? Anatomical Locations Of Recurrence For Patients in Diabetic Foot Remission. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 13(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-020-0369-3
Prahardini, Y. T. A., Sasmiyanto, & Adi, G. S. (2024). Hubungan Neuropati Diabetikum Dengan Kualitas Tidur Pada Pengidap Dm Tipe 2 Di Rumah Sakit Baladhika Husada Jember. Protein : Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kebidanan., 2(3), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.61132/protein.v2i3.579
Ratnawati, D., Adyani, S. A. M., & Ritanti, R. (2020). The Effectiveness of The Combination of Foot SPA Therapy and Bueger's Allen Exercise Against The Value of Ankle Brachial Index in Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus. Jurnal JKFT, 5(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jkft.v1i1.2606
Rosita, R., Kusumaningtiar, D. A., Irfandi, A., & Ayu, I. M. (2022). Hubungan Antara Jenis Kelamin, Umur, Dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Pada Lansia Di Puskesmas Balaraja Kabupaten Tangerang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 10(3), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkm.v10i3.33186
Rukmana, J. G., Komalasari, R., & Hasibuan, S. Y. (2018). Kajian Literatur: Penggunaan Virgin Coconut Oil Dalam Pencegahan Luka Dekubitus Pada Pasien Imobilitas [Literatur Review: The Utilization of Virgin Coconut Oil in Pressure Ulcer Prevention on Immobilization Patients]. Nursing Current: Jurnal Keperawatan, 5(1), 62-73.
Silvia, F., Nyorong, M., Afriany, M., & Lastiur, L. (2021). The Effect of Prolanis Exercise Activities on Decreasing Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Journal La Medihealtico, 2(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v2i2.316
Sukarja, I. M., & Sukawana, I. W. (2020). Spa Kaki Dengan Bantuan Kayu Refleksi Terhadap Saturasi Oksigen Pada Diabetesi. Jurnal Gema Keperawatan, 13(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.33992/jgk.v13i1.1134
Takele, G. M., Weharei, M. A., Kidanu, H. T., Gebrekidan, K. G., & Gebregiorgis, B. G. (2021). Diabetes Self-Care Practice And Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Public Hospitals of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia: A Multicenter Study. Plos One, 16(4 April), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250462
Vakilinia, S. R., Vaghasloo, M. A., Aliasl, F., Mohammadbeigi, A., Bitarafan, B., Etripoor, G., & Asghari, M. (2020). Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Warm Salt Water Foot-Bath On Patients With Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 49(January), 102325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102325
Wardani, E. M., Zahroh, C., & Ainiyah, N. (2019). Diabetic Foot SPA Implementation in Early Neuropathy Diagnosis Based on Blood Glucose Levels, Foot Sensitivity and The Ankle Brachial Index in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Jurnal Ners, 14(1), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v14i1.9950
Wu, B., Niu, Z., & Hu, F. (2021). Study on Risk Factors of Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Establishment of Prediction Model. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal, 45(4), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0100
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright notice
Ownership of copyright
The copyright in this website and the material on this website (including without limitation the text, computer code, artwork, photographs, images, music, audio material, video material and audio-visual material on this website) is owned by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN and its licensors.
Copyright license
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN grants to you a worldwide non-exclusive royalty-free revocable license to:
- view this website and the material on this website on a computer or mobile device via a web browser;
- copy and store this website and the material on this website in your web browser cache memory; and
- print pages from this website for your use.
- All articles published by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved.
For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN prior written permission.
Permissions
You may request permission to use the copyright materials on this website by writing to [email protected].
Enforcement of copyright
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN takes the protection of its copyright very seriously.
If JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN discovers that you have used its copyright materials in contravention of the license above, JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN may bring legal proceedings against you seeking monetary damages and an injunction to stop you using those materials. You could also be ordered to pay legal costs.
If you become aware of any use of JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN copyright materials that contravenes or may contravene the license above, please report this by email to [email protected]
Infringing material
If you become aware of any material on the website that you believe infringes your or any other person's copyright, please report this by email to [email protected].
